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哈贝马斯法与民主的商谈理论

  

  《在事实与规范之间》一书的论证悠长而又复杂。而且,哲学性的元素洒落在每一个非常抽象的层面上。[34]然而,正是这些特征构成了本书对批判社会理论有助益的方面。也就是说,哈贝马斯分析之复杂、分析范围之广、分析之精致【其将各种理论路径(规范性的和经验性的)予以吸收并将其洞见加以综合的努力】使得本书为我们进行社会批判和反思当下宪政民主所面临的问题提供了一种丰富且富有启发性的资源。在政治话语(discourse)倾向于为过于简单化的假设所颠覆并为竞争性的诸意识形态所分裂的时代,《在事实与规范之间》一书一方面为我们提供了一种对那些过于简单化的二元对立的批判,另一方面也为我们提供了一种鲜新的理论视角。因此,它有可能推进我们对民主的理解,并藉此提升公民商谈(civic discourse)和政治决策的品质。


【作者简介】
威廉·雷格,美国圣路易斯大学哲学系副教授。孙国东,复旦大学讲师,社会科学高等研究院研究人员,法学博士。
【注释】James S.Fishkin, Democracy and Deliberation: New Directions for Democratic Reform, New Haven:Yale University Press,1991, p.4;另请参见,比如说,Joshua Cohen,“Deliberation and Democratic Legitmacy,”in The Good Policy, ed.Alan Hamin and Philip Pettit, Oxford:Blackwell,1989, pp.17-34;Cass R.Sunstein,“Interest Groups in American Publc Law,” 38 (1985)Stanford Law Review:pp.29-87;John S.Dryzek, Discursive Democracy: Polictis, Policy,and Political Science, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,1990;也可比较Benjamin Barber, Strong Democracy: Participatory Politics for a New Age, Berkeley: University of California Press,1984.
Strukurwandel der ?ffentlichkeit:Untersuchungen zu einer Kategorie der brgerlichen Gesellschaft, Darmstadt: Luchterhand, 1962 ;其英译本直到晚近才出现:The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere :An Inquiry into a Category of Boourfeois Society, trans.Thomas Burger with the assistance of Frederick Lawrence , Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press,1989.
The Theory of Communicative Action,trans.Thomas McCarthy,2 vols , Boston:Beacon,1984,1987;下文引用简写为TCA。德语版本最初出版于1981年。其重要限定(qualifications),参见哈贝马斯“A Reply,” in Axel Honneth and Hans Joas eds.,Communicative Actions:Essays on Jürgen Habermas''s“The Theory of Communicative Action,”trans.Jeremy Gaines and Doris L.Jones, Cambridge:Policy,1991,pp.214-264.一个导言,参见Maeve Cooke, Language and Reason: A Study of Habermas''s Pragmatics, Cambridge. Mass.: MIT Press,1994.
在The Concept of Law (Oxford :Clarendon.1961)中H.L.A.哈特为我们提供了对法律两重性的一个良好论述。 法律“坏人”观的著名比喻来自于奥利弗·温德尔·霍姆斯,“The Path of the Law”,in Holmes,Collected Legal Papers, New York: P.Smith,1952,pp.167-202,此处参见p.171.
Immanuel Kant,The Metaphysical Elements of Justice, trans.John Ladd, New York:Macmillan,1965,p.34;另见p.35(译文略有改动);另请参见“On the Proverb:That May Be True in Theory, But Is of No Practical Use,”in Kant,Perpetual Peace and Other Essays,trans.Ted Humphrey , Indianapolis:Hackett,1983特别是p.77以下。康德的法律原则与其道德原则之间的关系并不十分清晰;参见Kenneth Baynes,The Normatives Grounds of Social Criticism:Kant,Rawls,and Habermas, Albany: SUNY Press,1992第一章的讨论。
参见John Rawls,“Justice as Fairness:Political not Metaphysical,” 14 (1985)Philosophy and Public Affairs,pp.223-251及其晚近的Political Liberalism (New York: Columbia University Press,1993);Ronald Dworkin, Law''s Empire,Cambridge:Mass.:Harvard University Press,1986.某些晚近的尝试拟复兴法律哲学中的形而上学路径,但他们是否能达到同古代和中世纪的体系那样的高度是一个更进一步的问题;可以比较,比如说,John Finnis, Natural Law and Natural Rights, New York: Oxford University Press,1980;一个批判性的评价,参见Raymound A.Belliotti,Justifying Law: The Debate over Foudations,Goals, and Methods, Philadelphia: Temple University Press,1992,chap.1
关于哈贝马斯对此问题的阐述,参见其Postmetaphysical Thinking, trans.William Mark Hohengarten,Cambridge, Mass.:MIT Press,1992与Moral Consciousness and Communicative Action, trans. Christian Lenhardt and Shierry Weber Nicholsen, Cambridge,Mass. :MIT Press,1990,特别是前两篇论文和标题与书名相同的论文。这种跨学科合作的最初事例是道德发展心理学中出现的晚近著述。
参见Habermas,“What Is Universal Pragmatics?” in Habermas,Commutication and the Evolution of Society, trans.Thomas McCarthy, Boston:Beacon,1979,pp.1-68;另见TCA 1:273-337;the Christian Gauss Lectures, “Vorlesungen zu einer sprachtheoretischen nnnn Grundlegung der Soziologie,”in Habermas,Vorstudien und Erg?nzungen zur Theorie der Kommmunikativen Handelns,2nd edn,Frankfurt:Suhrkamp,1986,pp.11-126;英译本即将出现,MIT Press。
对哈贝马斯商谈概念的更充分解释,参见Thomas McCarthy, The Critical Theory of Jürgen Habermas, Cambridge: Mass.: MIT Press,1978第四章;关于道德商谈,参见William Rehg, Insight and Solidarity, Berkeley: University of Californa Press,1994.
关于道德商谈和伦理商谈的最重要区别,参见Jürgen Habermas,“On the Pragmatic,the Ethical,and the Moral Employments of Practical Research,” in Jürgen Habermas,Jutification and Application:Remarks on Discourse Ethics, trans.Ciaran P.Cronin,Cambridge,Mass.: MIT Press,1993,pp.1-18;另见Between Facts and Norms,第三章附论和第四章第二部分。
关于哈贝马斯生活世界的概念,参见TCA 2:119-152.尽管对成员自己来说,生活世界背景很大程度上未成为论题(unthematized),理论家仍可以将其渊源区分为三个宽泛的成分:对那些不受质疑的确信和观念的储存(“文化”);保障团体聚合(cohesion)或团结的规范、忠诚(loyalties)和建制等等(“社会”);以及成员本身固有的能力和技能(“个性”)。经由观念的文化传播、社会整合形式和成员的社会化等途径,一个可行的生活世界得以再生产。
参见Peter L.Berger, The Sacred Canopy: Elements of a Sociological Theory of Religion, Garden City, NY: Anchor-Doubleday,1969.
关于系统的发展,参见Habermas, TCA 2: 153-197.对哈贝马斯社会合理化之解释的有用总结,参见Jane Braaten, Habermas''s Critical Theory of Society,Albany: SUNY Press,1991,chap.5;以及Stephen K.White,The Recent Work of Jürgen Habermas: Reason,Justice,and Morality,Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1988,chap.5.
通过对塔尔科特·帕森斯的批判性袭取,哈贝马斯阐发了其媒介概念;参见TCA 2:199-299;此处参见256-270及以次。关于帕森斯的解释,参见“On the Concept of Political Power,”in Parsons, Sociological Theory and Modern Society, New York: Free Press,1967,pp.297-354.在此,人们应当注意:正如哈贝马斯对系统迫令(imperatives)侵入生活世界的关切所表明的那样,他并没有简单地、无批判性地接受关于金钱和权力系统的这种阐发;关于“殖民化”(colonization)的概念,参见TCA 2:232-273。但是,他对这种理想(utopias)也持怀疑态度,亦即建议人们抹杀系统整合在复杂社会中之贡献的理想。
关于复杂性,参见Thomas McCarthy,“Complexity and Democracy: The Seducements of Systems Theory,”in MaCarthy, Ideals and Illusions :On Reconstruction and Deconstruction in Contemporary Critical Theory ,Cambridge, Mass.:MIT Press,1991, pp.152-180;另请参见哈贝马斯在“Reply”中的限定,pp.250-263.
参见John Rawls,A Theory of Justice ,Cambridge,Mass.:MIT Press,1971与Political Liberalism.另请参见罗尔斯与哈贝马斯之间的对话:92(3) Journal of Philosophy (March 1995),pp.109-180.
比如说,参见Niklas Luhmnn,The Differentiation of Society, trans.Stephen Holmes and Charles Larmore, New York:Columbia University Press,1982; A Sociological Theory of Law, trans.Elizabeth King and Martin Albrow, ed.Martin Albrow, London:Routledge,1985;Essays on Self-Reference, New York: Columbia University Press, 1990;Political Theory in the Welfare State,trans.John Bedarz Jr., Berlin/New York:de Gruyter,1990;晚近对卢曼路径的一个概述,参见Niklas Luhmnn, Ecological Communication,trans.John Bednarz Jr., Chicago: University of Chicago Press,1975.
关于“现代自然法”与社会契约之间的关联,参见A P.d''Entrèves,Natural Law:An Historial Survey, New York:Harper,1965,chap.3;关于对此种版本的自然法的一个有影响的批判,参见G.W.F.Hegel,Natural Law, trnas.T.M.Knox (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press,1975)。
一个有助益的导论,参见Walter Buckley, Sociology and Modern Systems Theory, Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall,1967.巴克利(Buckley)也区分出了一种“过程”模式;这种模式避免了与均衡和生理均衡相关的静态化意涵。
Humberto R.Maturana和他人为自组织或“自创生”理论贡献了原生性观念;参见Milan Zeleny ed., Autopoiesis: A Theory of Living Organization, New York: North Holland,1981.在法律中运用,参见Gunther Teubner ed., Autopoietic Law:A New Approach to Law and Society, Berlin:de Gruyter,1988.
Niklas Luhmann,“Operational Closure and Structural Coupling :The Difference of the Legal System” 13 (1992) Cardozo Law Review,pp.1419-1441;此处引证在p.1424.
一个更进一步的说明,参见Luhmann, Sociological Theory of Law.值得注意的是:该书使卢曼转向了自创生理论,但他仍然采用了运行闭合和认知开放的区分;比如说,参见“Operative Closure,”p.1427;另见“Author''s Preface to the Second Edition”,in Sociological Theory of Law, pp.xii-xiii.
更具体地说,卢曼指出:法律从三个维度来稳定人们的行为预期——在时间上,使它们历经时间的流逝仍能恒定不变;在社会上,所有团体成员保有同样的预期;在实体上,使法律规范包含着抽象的含义;参见Sociological Theory of Law,pp.41-82.
这是卢曼“结构耦合”(structural coupling)概念的要点。自创生为规制法(regulatory law)的系统分析带来的难题为——比如说——托依布纳所讨论(Law as an Autopoietic System,trans.Ann Bankowska and Ruth Adler,ed.Zenon Bankowski, Oxford:Blackwell,1993,chap.5)。关于哈贝马斯早期对系统理论的批判,参见其On the Logic of the Social Science, trans.Shierry Weber Nicholsen and Jerry A.Stark, Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press,1988,chap.5与Legitimation Crisis,trans.Thomas MacCarthy, Boston:Beacon,1975,chap.1.
关于对本书中心论点的一个总结,参见本书附录;在此,也可参阅其“On the Internal Relation between the Rule of Law and Democracy,” 3 (1995) European Journal of Philosophy,pp.12-20.
一个简短的导言,参见John Gray,Liberalism, Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press,1986;对20世纪自由主义的经典阐述,参见F.A.Hayek, The Constitution of Liberty, Chicago:University of Chicago Press,1960;对不同路径的“法治”概念的一个概述,参见Geoffrey de Q.Waker,The Rule of Law: Foundation of Constitutional Democracy,Carlton:Melbourne University Press,1988,chap.1;关于自由主义法治观的有影响表述,参见F.A. Hayek,The Road to Serfdom,Chicago:University of Chicago Press,1944,chap.6;另见Joseph Raz,“The Rule of Law and Its Virtue,”in Raz,The Authority of Law, Oxford:Clarendom,1979,pp.210-229.
比如说,参见Frank I.Michelman,“The Supreme Court 1985 Term-Foreword:Traces of Self-Governanment,” 100 (1986)Harvard Law Review,pp.4-77;另见其“Political Truth and the Rule of Law,” 8(1988)Tel Aviv University Studies in Law,pp.281-291;以及Sunstein,“Interest Groups.”
Between Facts and Norms,p.107;哈贝马斯对“D”原则的解释修正了其早期的观点;他早期将“D”原则仅仅等同为一项道德原则;参见其“Discourse Ethics: Notes on a Program of Philosophical Justification,” in Moral Consciousness and Communicative Action,pp.43-115, esp. pp.66,93.
Between Facts and Norms, p.169.
参见Roscoe Pound,“The Need of a Sociological Jurisprudence,” 19 (1907)The Green Bag,pp.607-615.及其“Mechanical Jurisprudence,” 8 (1908)Columbia Law Review,pp.605-610.在庞德之后、哈特之前,这个问题在法律现实主义运动中得到相当多的关注;一个历史性的概述,参见William Twining, Karl Llewellyn and Realist Movement, London: Weidenfeld and Nicoson,1973.自哈特以降,该问题成为涉及批判法律研究运动(Critical Legal Studies movement)之争论的焦点;参见Andrew Altman,Critical Legal Studies:A Liberal Critique, Priceton: Priceton University Press,1990.
参见前文引证米歇尔曼的注释〔27〕;另见其“Law''s Republic,” 97(1988)Yale Law Journal, pp.1493-1537;Cass Sunstein , “Interest Groups”(注释1)与After the Rights Revolution, Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1990; John Hart Ely, Democracy and Distrust: A Theory of Judicial Review, Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1980;以及Bruce Ackerman, We the People,vol.1,Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press,1991.
在美国法理学传统中,人们可以在对“社会学法理学”的呼吁中发现同欧洲“实质法”相类似的主张;参见前文注释〔30〕。反对福利国家的经典自由主义论说是哈耶克的《通往奴役之路》(Road to Serfdom);对此的一个回应,参见Harry W.Jones,“The Rule of Law and Welfare State,”in Essays on Jurisprudence from the Columbia Law Review, New York: Columbia University Press,1963, pp.403-413.
其早期的批判更多地依赖于生活世界这一概念,并将其作为对抗官僚性侵犯或“殖民化”的资源;参见TCA,vol.2,chap.8;关于这一点,还可以比较Dryzek, Discursive Democracy, p.20; Amy Bartholomew, “Democratic Critizenship,Social Rights and the ''Reflexive Contiunation''of the Welfare State,” 42 (1993)Studies in Political Economy, pp.141-156.
哈贝马斯对某次关于本书的讨论会参与者的长篇回应进一步阐释了其中心论点和假设;参见Cardozo Law Review 17 (1995)。参与本书的更简略概述,参见——比如说——David M. Rasmussen, “How Is Valid Law Possible?” 20 (1994)Philosophy and Social Criticism,pp.21-44;Kenneth Baynes, “Democracy and the Rechtsstaat:Habermas''s Faktizit?t und Geltung,”in Stephen K.White ed.,The Cambridge Companion to Habermas,Cambridge:Cambridge Unibersity Press,1995,pp.201-232;以及James Bohman, “Complexity, Pluralism,and the Constitutional State:On Habermas''s Faktizit?t und Geltung,” 28 (1994)Law and Society Review, pp.894-930.


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